One reason why it is probably difficult for CPH researchers to agree is that they come at the issue from different approaches. Some researchers study neurobiological considerations. For instance, Scovel (1969) suggested that lateralization is connected to second language acquisition. Others look at cognitive considerations. These researchers look at the cognitive changes that occur with age and their effects on second language acquisition. There are also researchers who look at affective considerations. In this area, researchers study how affective factors (e.g., empathy, self-esteem, extroversion, inhibition, imitation, anxiety, attitudes) are relevant to second language learning. For instance, Krashen (1982) claimed an "affective filter" is strengthened at puberty and prevents adults from native-like attainment. Finally, some researchers examine linguistic considerations (e.g., bilingualism, interference between first and second languages, order of acquisition).
Personally, I believe affective factors play a large role in second language acquisition. With regard to CPH, I know many, many people who have attained second-language proficiency in adulthood. My high-school French teacher learned French when she was in high school. She was able to attain a native-like French accent. She used to say that people would ask her if she was from France.
Perhaps there are prime cognitive years for second language acquisition. However, the same is said for other knowledge areas, such as geometry.
2 comments:
Suzanne,
I agree with what you said about some people being able to acquire a native (or almost native) accent even in adulthood. I think it depends on many things including the L1 and the L2 and their differences and similarities. Some years ago, when I was fluent in Japanese, someone (a Japanese guy) talked to me on the phone (he didn't know who he was talking to) and he thought he was talking to a Japanese MAN! Apparently, at that moment, my accent was that of a native Japanese male :-)
Ana
Suzanne, I totally agree on what you said, language learning depends on many factors and it is a proven fact that people can and do learn a second language after puberty. Many of them become completely fluent in several languages.
Post a Comment